sudanese last names

Amal means, hope or aspiration. Nazeer is an Arabic name meaning, one who warns, kings attendant, observant, and radiant. Majeed means 'glorious' or 'brilliant' and is extremely popular across the world. Discover the ethnic origin and meaning of last names. Shortly after the birth of a baby, a ritual called Akekahan (from Arabic word: Aqiqah) is performed; an Islamic tradition in which the parents slaughter a goat for a baby girl or two goats for a baby boy, the meat later being cooked and distributed to relatives and neighbours. The onions are sauted in oil and covered with water. Sayesha is its variant. Sudan, country located in northeastern Africa. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Amani is a name that means 'desire' or 'aspirations'. Kujang is the traditional weapon of the Sundanese people. The last names in Sudanese culture are taken from their ancestors. Faizah means successful or victorious. The oldest of these bataras is called Batara Cikal and is considered the ancestor of the Kanekes people. [28] The typical Sundanese leuit (rice barn) is an important part of traditional Sundanese villages; it is held in high esteem as the symbol of wealth and welfare. Wahiba is a smart and unique name meaning donor or generous giver. The other variants are Uliana, Ulyana, and Yulianna. Muneeb is referred to in Quran as the one who returns to God and repents and is obedient to God. California and 3 other states had the highest population of Salaam families in 1920. Irshad is one of the best Sudanese names for boys. Alhassan originates from Bahraini and Ghanaian. Your privacy is important to us. Sanjana is a popular name meaning soft, meek, gentle, or uniter. Wayang golek puppetry is the most popular wayang performance for Sundanese people. Its variants are Sulaiman and Sulayman. Abdo: Abdo is a short and sweet Arabic name, meaning 'sensitive and kind'. Yusra, meaning, prosperous or good fortune, is a name with Arabic origins. Gilang m Sundanese. Samar is a beautiful girl name meaning, evening conversation. Some Sundanese might find art and culture as their passion and become artists, either in fine art, music or performing art. If you keep searching in other countries you will surely find that surname that you thought was Sudanese and that turns out to be more common in another country than Sudan. The Sundanese seems to love and revere their nature in spiritual ways, leading to them adopting some taboos to conserve nature and maintain the ecosystem. Its a Latin spelling of the Cyrillic origin Abbac. Mubarak is a Bahraini originated surname that is highly popular with Muslims. The herb-rich food wrapped and cooked inside banana leaf called pepes (Sundanese: pais) is popular among Sundanese people. Sundanese culture is similar to that of Javanese culture. So, check out the infographic below and choose a special name for your little one. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. Omissions? Rita is a short name for Margarita. Pakistani and Bollywood singer Atif Aslam is its famous namesake. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. The escarpment overlooks a narrow coastal plain that is 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 km) wide and festooned with dunes and coral reefs. Ayman means 'righteous' or 'blessed'. A well-known Sundanese dish is lalapan, which consists only of raw vegetables, such as papaya leaves, cucumber, eggplant, and bitter melon. Hasifa means judicious, wise, or prudent. This information is for educational purposes only and not a substitution for professional health services. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The Sundanese language is spoken by approximately 36 million people in 2010[10] and is the second most widely spoken regional language in Indonesia. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. It seems that despite the central court beginning to adopt Hindu-Buddhist culture and institution, the majority of common Sundanese still retained their native natural and ancestral worship. We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so its important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family. For example, during the seventh month of pregnancy, there is a prenatal ritual called Nujuh Bulanan (identical to Naloni Mitoni in Javanese tradition) which traces its origins to Hindu ritual. Nadia is a Slavic-originated name meaning hope. This is a rare name for boys in Sudan but is a much loved one. Next to agriculture, Sundanese people often choose business and trade to make a living although most are traditional entrepreneurs, such as travelling food or drink vendors, establishing modest warung (food stalls) or restaurants, as the vendor of daily consumer's goods or open a modest barber shop. Vocabulary words are also often used as given names. Most people in Sudan belong to the Arab ethnicity, and the rest of the population belongs to the African ethnic groups. So, let's get started! Mahmood, or Mahmud, means worthy of reverence or praiseworthy. In this way we can guess what kind of relations Sudan has with its neighboring countries, and whether there has been mobility between the countries or not. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. What do you think? Please note that Kidadl is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. The other variants, which are equally beautiful, are Samara, Samera, and Samra. Of course it is the official number given according to the latest statistics made in Sudan, and they take into account not Sudaneses, is a variation from a name of Hebrew origin. However, it is simple steamed rice that serves as the centrepiece of all meals. She later moved to the United States. Its an Arabic name that means kind or compassionate. Shada is a beautiful name meaning, singing among the birds or pelican. Davis means 'beloved'. However, there is an effort to revive the Sundanese script, which was used between the 14th and 18th centuries. [11] The 2000 Indonesia Census put this figure at 30.9 million. Yusra in Arabic means prosperous or good fortune. Zahir means shining or flourishing. Tabitha means gazelle. It is given to a baby born in an Indian family living in Suda. Yaya has its origins in Greek, and means woman. We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. Deng is a name usually used for boys. It enters the country as the White Nile (Bar Al-Abya) in the southeast, about 60 miles (100 km) south of Kst, and maintains an extremely low gradient until it is joined by the Blue Nile (Bar Al-Azraq) at Khartoum. Suleyman is an Arabic name meaning peace. Joyce means experienced in battle, merry, or joyous. Discover the ethnic origin and meaning of last names. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Updates? One of the earliest historical records that mention the name "Sunda" appears in the Sanghyang Tapak inscription dated 952 saka (1030 CE) discovered in Cibadak, near Sukabumi. For example, street names in Bandung and several cities in West Java are now written in both Latin and Sundanese scripts. Court cultures flourished in ancient times, for example, during the era of Sunda Kingdom. On the other hand, there is also a movement led by the minority Sundanese conservative traditionalist adat, the Sunda Wiwitan community, who are struggling to achieve wider acceptance and recognition of their faith and way of life. Its nicknames are Maggie, Mago, Margo, and Rita. Shirley is a beautiful name that means bright meadow. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Most of northern Sudan is a sand- or gravel-covered desert, diversified by flat-topped mesas of Nubian sandstone and islandlike steep-sided granite hills. The Sundanese have very vivid, orally-transmitted memories of the grand era of the Sunda Kingdom. Ningsih. The Sundanese traditionally live in small and isolated hamlets, rendering control by indigenous courts difficult. Usually, the food itself is not too spicy, but it is served with a boiling sauce made by grinding chilli peppers and garlic together. Agar means son of Agar' or 'Ager and this surname has been quite popular for many centuries. Gugum m Sundanese. Its variants are Damiano, Damyan, and Demian. Famous wayang golek puppet master was Asep Sunandar Sunarya, while Sule, Jojon and Kang Ibing are a popular comedians. Wathiqa is a unique and adorable Sudanese name for girls. Mentioned below are the names that are most common between baby boys. Some of the most distinct dialects are from Banten, Bogor, Priangan, and Cirebon. Most Sudanese people have a clan name which often reflects their tribe or region of origin. However, Sudan is the largest country in Africa. Rice is prepared in hundreds of different ways. Sometimes the data surprises us, but that is what encourages us to want to know more about surnames and the reasons why the 350 most common Sudanese surnames are the ones presented in this list, and not others. Oncom is a fermented peanut-based ingredient that is prevalent within Sundanese cuisine, just like its counterpart, Tempe, which is popular among Javanese people. Sudan is a hot country. Naeem is its other variant. In modern contemporary political landscapes, the Sundanese realm in West Java and Banten also provides widespread support for Islamic parties such as the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and the United Development Party (PPP). [26], In Sundanese culture, there is a culture of eating together known as Cucurak in the Bogor area or Munggahan in the Priangan area. There are several different dialects, but Priangan is the most widely spoken one and is the one taught in schools. The feminine versions are Sameera and Samira. 1956 - Sudan becomes independent. Its feminine version is Nafisah. Sudanese boys with the name Abdo grow up to be lovable people. Tonia is a Latin name that means the invaluable. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. Today, Christians in West Java are mostly Chinese Indonesians residing in West Java, with only small numbers of native Sundanese Christians. Sudanese Boy Names 1. American actress Shirley Jones is a famous namesake. Tiffany is a popular English name meaning appearance of God. She also specializes in baby names. Zahira is the female version. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, creative tips and more. Its other variants are Bashir and Bechir. 1958 - General Ibrahim Abboud leads military . It is more common among girls. This plain can be divided into a northern area of rock desert that is part of the Sahara; the western Qawz, an area of undulating sand dunes that merges northward into the rock desert; and a central-southern clay plain. Rashad means good guidance or wisdom and originates from Arabic. The popular namesake is American actress Sandra Bullock. If you're here, it's because you've decided to look up the 350 most common surnames in Sudan. It means wish. Sudan is mainly composed of vast plains and plateaus that are drained by the Nile River and its tributaries. Its variants are Sayid, Sajid, and Saud. The famous bearer of this name is Persian poet Umar Khayyam. There are numbers of Sundanese ulama and Islamic preachers who have been successful in gaining national popularity, such as Kyai Abdullah Gymnastiar and Mamah Dedeh who have become TV personalities through their dakwah show. To the south of this the seasons are characterized by the north-south oscillation of the boundary between moist southerly air and dry northerly air. James is a name used commonly for boys. Other dances such as the Peafowl dance, Dewi dance and Ratu Graeni dance show Javanese Mataram courtly influences. Its other variants are Hibba, Hibbah, and Heba. They speak the Sundanese language, which is part of the Austronesian languages. In Sundanese families, the important rituals revolved around life cycles, from birth to death, adopting many of the previous Animist and Hindu-Buddhist, as well as Islamic traditions. All rights reserved. It's of African origin. Next to steamed rice, the side dishes of vegetables, fish, or meat are added to provide a variety of tastes as well as for protein, mineral and nutrient intake. Majeed means glorious or illustrious. Some names describe the parents' reaction to the birth (such as Kayode, Gwandoya, Abeni and Monifa) and still others are descriptive of the newborn or of desired characteristics (like Yejide, Dada, Chiumbo and Zuberi). Yalda, meaning, longest night of the year, is a unique name of Arabic origins. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Its variants are Zena, Xenia, and Zihna. Sundanese traditional houses mostly take basic form of gable roofed structure, commonly called kampung style roof, made of thatched materials (ijuk black aren fibers, kirai, hateup leaves or palm leaves) covering wooden frames and beams, woven bamboo walls, and its structure is built on short stilts. This does not influence our choices. The famous namesake is Italian Ballerina Sabrina Brazzo. Its variant is Joycelyn. Hugo, meaning, 'thinking mind' or 'wise', is a common English given name that is popular across the world. Mustafa means the chosen one in Arabic. Sundanese migrants can also be found in Lampung and South Sumatra, and to a lesser extent in Central Java and East Java. In contemporary Sundanese social and religious life, there is a growing shift towards Islamism, especially amongst urban Sundanese. However, if your surname appears among these 350 surnames, we are afraid that you will have to stand out for other qualities, as you will be quite common as far as surnames for Sudaneses are concernedvar cid='4948611716';var pid='ca-pub-0680240524407204';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-surnam_es-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} [19] The art and culture of Sundanese people reflect historical influences by various cultures that include prehistoric native animism and shamanism traditions, ancient Hindu-Buddhist heritage, and Islamic culture. Similarly, it is interesting to try to discover what the current data are on the most used surnames in the countries neighbouring Sudan, and whether they have any surnames in common or if, on the contrary, the coincidences are minimal or non-existent. Along the Red Sea the climate is alleviated by sea breezes, and most of the rain falls during winter. Ibrahim is a common first name across the world. Dedeh. Umar is derived from Arabic word Umr meaning life. We list the most common and popular Sudanese surnames below: A few other common Sudanese surnames are Ahmed, Akol, Almadina, Bashir, Bakr, Ibrahim, Mukhtar, Mustafa, Qasim, IPasha, Rahman, Nordenstam, Tahir, Wardi, Yousif, and Zakrra. It also granted southern Sudan semiautonomous status and stipulated that a referendum on independence for the south would be held in six years. Munana () - "Our Wishes" (Arabic) Safana () - Arabic Durriya () - "Shining" (Arabic) Fat7iya () - "Conquerer" (Arabic) Nasriya () - "Victorious" (Arabic) Samaah () - "Forgiveness" (Arabic) Anfaal () - Arabic, name of a soura in the Qur'aan Amna () - "Safe" (Arabic) Ishragha () - "Glowing" (Arabic) The western third of the island of Java, namely the provinces of West Java, Banten, and Jakarta, as well as the westernmost part of Central Java, is called by the Sundanese people Tatar Sunda or Pasundan (meaning Sundanese land).[4]. Sundanese is also closely related to Malay and Minang as it is to Javanese, as seen by the Sundanese utilising different language levels denoting rank and respect a concept borrowed from the Javanese. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Farag and Faraz are its other variants. All the information about surnames in the world. It is a shorter version of Samantha and Sammy can be considered for a nickname. Murtada is its other variant. Habib is a Hebrew name meaning one who is loved or dearly loved. Yakub means successor or heir. Sundanese cuisine is one of the most famous traditional food in Indonesia, and it is also easily found in most Indonesian cities. These factors resulted in the Sundanese having a less rigid social hierarchy and more independent social manners. Numerous ulama (locally known as "kyai") penetrated villages in the mountainous regions of Parahyangan and established mosques and schools (pesantren) and spread the Islamic faith amongst the Sundanese people. Add to list. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); If you look, next to each surname in this list you will find a number. Most Common Sudanese Surnames & Meanings Most Common Last Names In Sudan Forebears knows about 43,521 unique surnames in Sudan and there are 867 people per name. Names have a literal meaning that relate to a persons circumstances at birth. Zahid is an uncommon yet stylish name. The feminine version of the name is Giovanna. Alia means beautiful. Zina is a Greek name meaning shining or hospitable. Though, a tiny percentage of girls might have this name as well. Wajih is an African name meaning distinguished, eminent, or notable. Traditional Sundanese arts include various forms of music, dance, and martial arts. It's a name of Arabic origin. The nicknames are Bree, Sabs, Rina, and Nina. However, the Sundanese appear not to have had the resources nor desire to construct large religious monuments. Bintang. Its roof variations might includes hip and gablet roof (a combination of gable and hip roof). Derived from Sundanese gumbira meaning "happy, glad". Lisa is a Hebrew name meaning pledged to God. It means father of a multitude or many nations. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. The name has been referred to as one of the prophets of the Quran. It is one of the names that are related to the history of the culture of the country and is therefore liked by people. Former governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin, former vice president Umar Wirahadikusumah, and former defence minister Agum Gumelar, and ministers of foreign affairs such as Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Hassan Wirajuda and Marty Natalegawa, Meutya Hafid are among notable Sundanese in politics. The initial religious systems of the Sundanese were animism and dynamism with reverence to ancestral (karuhun) and natural spirits identified as hyang, yet bears some traits of pantheism. Around the 15th to 16th centuries, Islam began to spread among the Sundanese people by Indian Muslim traders, and its adoption accelerated after the fall of the Hindu-animist Sunda Kingdom and the establishment of the Islamic Sultanates of Banten and Cirebon in coastal West Java. Russia's foreign minister has met with Sudans military rulers as the nations seek to deepen economic and political ties, North African and Sudanese officials say the United States is increasing pressure on Middle East allies and power brokers in chaos-stricken Libya and Sudan to expel a Russian private military contractor. Those who are in a higher age bracket than ones self are often addressed as Aunty or Uncle regardless of any blood relation. On the coast, saltwater fish are common; in the mountains, fish tend to be either pond-raised carp or goldfish. However, it differs by a much less rigid system of social hierarchy. Sundanese women are, as the belief goes, one of the most beautiful in the country due to the climate (they have a lighter complexion than other Indonesians) and a diet featuring raw vegetables (they are said to possess especially soft skin). creative tips and more. Common Bari names include Keji, Kenyi, Worro and Loro. Bilal was Prophet Muhammads companion. Allows alphabetical characters with the following diacritical marks: , ^, `, , , . After the formation and consolidation of the Sunda Kingdom's unity and identity during the Pajajaran era under the rule of Sri Baduga Maharaja (popularly known as King Siliwangi), the shared common identity of Sundanese people was more firmly established. The Sundanese, traditionally engage in dry-field farming. 4. In his report "Summa Oriental" on the early 16th century Sunda Kingdom, Portuguese apothecary Tom Pires mentioned: "The (Sundanese) women are beautiful, and those of the nobles chaste, which is not the case with those of the lower classes". The more elaborate overhanging gablet roof is called Julang Ngapak, which means "bird spreading wings". Alluvial soils occur at the desert deltas of Al-Qsh (the Gash) and Barakah rivers, along the White and Blue Niles, and in the alluvial plains of the many small rivers radiating from the Marrah Mountains. The western plain is composed primarily of Nubian sandstones, which form a dissected plateau region with flat-topped mesas and buttes. Sundanese is also popularly known as cheerful and mercurial folks, as they love to joke and tease around. We recommend that these ideas are used as inspiration, that ideas are undertaken with appropriate adult supervision, and that each adult uses their own discretion and knowledge of their children to consider the safety and suitability. Its variants include Nesrin and Nazrin. Names by nationality Sudanese Sudanese last names in alphabetical order: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z There are 318 surnames belonging to that nationality that we know of. The Sudan family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1851 and 1920. Islam and the Arabic language achieved ascendancy in many northern parts of the region, while older African languages and cultures predominated in the south. Get high-quality PDF version by clicking below. Faheema is a sweet name that means intelligent or wise. Titles of heads of state [ edit] 1956-1958: Sovereignty Council 1958-1964: Chairman of the Supreme Council 1964: President 1964-1965: Committees of Sovereignty 1965-1969: Chairman of the Sovereignty Council 1969-1971: Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council 1971-1985: President 1985: Commander-in-Chief The sweet nicknames are Iva, Ivy, and Ana. Amin is its other variant. Fazilah means excellent or praiseworthy. [8] It shares similar vocabularies with Javanese and Malay. Most Common South Sudanese Surnames & Meanings Most Common Last Names In South Sudan Forebears knows about 10,044 unique surnames in South Sudan and there are 1,148 people per name. Munira is a common variant. We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. [8] Sundanese puppetry is more influenced by Islamic folklore than the influence of Indian epics present in Javanese versions.[8]. It can appear that members of the same family have different last names. The earliest historical polity that appeared in the Sundanese realm in the Western part of Java was the kingdom of Tarumanagara, which flourished between the 4th and 7th centuries. The immense plain of which Sudan is composed is bounded on the west by the Nile-Congo watershed and the highlands of Darfur and on the east by the Ethiopian Plateau and the Red Sea Hills (Atby). 1881 - Revolt against the Ottoman-Egyptian administration. In 1920 there was 1 Salaam family living in California. Some Sudanese in Australia may appear to have different surnames than their family members. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time the article was published. Yaya, meaning, woman, has a Greek origin. The namesake is popular Indian model and actress Lisa Haydon. Abara: Originating from the Igbo group of West Africa, Abara means 'spirit'. Sudanese last names starting with A Aliyah is an Arabic name, meaning heavens, to ascend, lofty, and sublime. Sudanese names may also be chosen to reflect the circumstances of their birth. Find out how surnames are ranked in popularity, how many people in the United States of America bear a particular name, and how the statistics change between 1990 and 2000 US Censuses. The Angklung bamboo musical instrument is considered one of the world heritages of intangible culture.[20]. The Kidadl Team is made up of people from different walks of life, from different families and backgrounds, each with unique experiences and nuggets of wisdom to share with you. sadly nubian names have been dying out for a long time in favor of "normal" arabic/islamic names or their local variations in nubian. Now, let's talk about a few common names in Sudan and whether they're used mostly for girls or boys. Festivities such as the Seren Taun harvest ceremony are held in high importance, especially in the traditional Sundanese community in Ciptagelar village, Cisolok, Sukabumi; Sindang Barang, Pasir Eurih village, Taman Sari, Bogor; and the traditional Sundanese community in Cigugur Kuningan. Bilal means wetting or moistening. Zareb is an African-Sudanese name that means protector against enemies. Abdul Baatin: If you want a religious name for your boy, choose Abdul Baatin, which means 'servant of the Unseen or servant of Allah'. surname, that may help you get an idea of how many people from the same country from which that surname originates have emigrated to Sudan and have settled there. This is an impressive name with an equally impressive meaning father of the upright one. If this land and culture interests you, our list of Sudanese names for baby boys and girls can be of your help. Girls mostly have sweet and cute names that have rather subtle warm and beautiful meanings. For example, the Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk (Chollo) call children, Many Sudanese have British first names, such as, Children are often addressed by their relationship to their parents. Its other variants are Tevnin, Tavon, and Tipene. Marwan, of African origin, is a unique name meaning flint stone. Nafis, or Nafees, means precious or invaluable. Usually, they reflect the Arabic culture that is unique and exquisite in every way possible. Many Sudanese names reflect religious figures or past family members. The mean minimum temperatures in most of the country range from the high 60s to high 70s F (low to mid-20s C); in the west and northwest, mean minimum temperatures are a little lower, ranging from the high 50s to high 60s F (mid-10s to low 20s C). Alek Wek is a South Sudanese British model who first appeared on the catwalks at the age of 18 in 1995, sparking a career lasting to date. Very low percentage of girls have this name. This Persian name means morning and Roksana and Roshanak can be used as variants. Hafez, meaning 'protector' or 'the one who is responsible', is quite a cool name of Persian origin. Amani is also the name of a former municipality located on the island of Chios, Greece. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. If you purchase using the buy now button we may earn a small commission. The Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972 ended the conflict only temporarily, and in 1983 the civil war resumed. Rebecca, meaning, 'moderator', is a name common between girls mostly. Because of this, central and southern Sudan have rainy seasons, the total lengths of which vary according to their latitude. Atifa is a Muslim baby girl name meaning affection, kindness, or sympathy. Ismail is an Arabic name that means God will hear. For example, Abdul-Aziz Bilal Hussain may say, "My name is Abdul-Aziz Bilal Hussain and I am from the El-Shaamari clan ". Sundanese language survival among Indonesian diaspora families in Melbourne, Australia.

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